Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease whereby the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of the nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord. MS causes myelin sheath breakdown, interrupting communication between the brain and body and eventually leading to permanent nerve damage. MS can be mild or severe and affects the nervous system, potentially impacting mobility, vision, and cognitive function. Individuals with MS often experience periods of symptom flares (relapses) and remission, though the disease course varies greatly.
While the exact cause of MS is unknown, genetic and environmental factors may increase risk. Risk factors include being female, age 20-40 at onset, family history, certain infections such as Epstein-Barr virus, being of Northern European descent, living in a temperate climate, having low vitamin D levels, obesity, and smoking.
Common symptoms include numbness or tingling, weakness, coordination problems, fatigue, electric-shock sensations with neck movement, vision loss often with eye pain, trouble walking, dizziness, bladder and bowel dysfunction, slurred speech, and cognitive problems affecting memory and thinking. Other symptoms include mood changes and muscle stiffness.
There is currently no cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatment involves managing relapses, modifying disease progression, and controlling symptoms.
Source: Mayo Clinic.
